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NCAA Bowling Championship

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
NCAA Bowling Championship
SportCollege Bowling
Founded2004
No. of teams102 (regular season, 2023–24)
18 (championship, 2024)
Most recent
champion(s)
Jacksonville State (1)
Most titlesNebraska (6)
TV partner(s)ESPNU
Official websiteNCAA.com

The NCAA Bowling Championship is a sanctioned women's championship in college athletics. Unlike many NCAA sports, only one National Collegiate championship is held each season with teams from Division I, Division II, and Division III competing together. Seventeen teams, nine of them automatic qualifiers and the other eight being at-large selections, are chosen by the NCAA Bowling Committee to compete in the championship. The championship was first held in April 2004.

The most successful team is Nebraska with 6 titles. Jacksonville State, in its inaugural season as an NCAA bowling program, is the reigning champion, coming back from 3 games to 2 deficit to defeat Arkansas State 4 games to 3 in the 2024 championship held at Thunderbowl Lanes in Allen Park, MI.

Nebraska is the only program to qualify for all 20 NCAA Bowling Championships since the NCAA started sponsoring bowling in the 2003–04 season.[1]

Format

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The collegiate bowling season runs from late October through the end of March, and the National Collegiate Women's Bowling Championship is held in April.

Through 2017

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The format for the championships from 2004 to 2017 began with qualifying rounds in which each team bowled one five-person regular team game against each of the other seven teams participating in the championship.

Teams would then be seeded for bracket play based on their qualifying rounds win–loss record and then competed in best-of-seven-games Baker matches in a double elimination tournament. In the Baker format, each of the five team members, in order, bowls one frame until a complete (10-frame) game is bowled. A Baker match tied 3½ games to 3½ games after seven games is decided by a tiebreaker, using the Modified Baker format, which takes the scoring from only frames 6 thru 10.[2]

2018 and 2019

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In previous years, all eight participants received at-large bids. In 2018 the NCAA Women's Bowling Committee selected a field of ten participants. Six teams are automatic qualifiers from the conferences that have been granted an automatic bid, and the other four receive at-large bids. At that time, the six conferences that fulfilled the criteria to be granted an automatic qualifier were the Division I Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference, Northeast Conference, Southland Bowling League, and Southwestern Athletic Conference, plus the Division II Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association and East Coast Conference. The ten participants were ranked and seeded based on the criteria used by the selection committee. The top six seeds automatically entered the championship bracket. The four lowest-seeded teams played in on-campus opening round matches to determine the two participants advancing to the eight-team championship bracket. To minimize travel costs, the matchups were determined by geographical proximity rather than seedings.[3]

In 2019, the championship field expanded from 10 to 12 teams, coinciding with two new conferences fulfilling the criteria for automatic qualification—the Division II Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association (MIAA) and the Division III Allegheny Mountain Collegiate Conference. Accordingly, eight conference champions received automatic bids, and the NCAA Women's Bowling Committee selected four at-large teams to fill out the 12-team field. The top four teams were seeded into the Championship bracket, while the eight remaining teams competed in four play-in matches. The winners of these matches were seeded into the eight-team championship bracket.[4]

Qualifying rounds were eliminated in favor of a seeded double-elimination bracket. Each match within the bracket consisted of best-of-three matches using specified formats (five-person regular team matches, Baker total pinfall, and Baker match play).

The championship finals were a best-of-seven match using Baker match play rules.[5] The tiebreaker rule used through 2017 will still apply to Baker match play in the new format.

From 2020

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The championship was scheduled to expand to 16 teams in 2020. The number of automatic bids was reduced by one after the MIAA bowling league disbanded at the end of the 2018–19 season. Although five schools that had participated in the final season of MIAA bowling became part of the new bowling league of the Great Lakes Valley Conference (GLVC), those schools were not in the same bowling league for a sufficient time to allow the GLVC to inherit the MIAA's automatic bid.[6]

The 2020 tournament was intended to be the first to feature regional play. The field was to be split into four regions, each with four teams competing at predetermined sites; each of the top four seeds as chosen by the NCAA selection committee would be placed in a separate regional. Each regional was to be played as a double-elimination tournament, with the format identical to that introduced for the championship event in 2019. All regional matches, except for what the NCAA calls "if necessary regional finals", are best-of-three matches bowled in the following order: five-person team, Baker total pinfall, Baker best-of-seven match play. Any "if necessary regional final" will be Baker best-of-seven.[6] Regional winners will advance to the championship event, which will also be double-elimination. All matches will be bowled under the standard format for regionals (best-of-three matches using specified formats in a specific order) except the championship final, which will be Baker best-of-seven.[6]

On March 12, 2020, the NCAA announced that the 2020 tournament was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[7]

The 2021 tournament featured six automatic berths (CIAA had its championship cancelled due to COVID-19) and ten at-large selections. This was the first tournament to feature regional play. Both regional and championship rounds were all played at one site.[8] The 2022 tournament saw the number of automatic bids increase by two, to eight, with the GLVC champion receiving an automatic bid for its champion and the CIAA champion returning after a one-year absence. There were eight at-large selections. For the first time, regional competition took place at four predetermined regional sites - Erie, PA, Rochester, NY, Lansing, MI, and Arlington, TX, with the regional winners advancing to the championship round.[9] The 2023 tournament saw the College Conference of Illinois & Wisconsin gain an automatic bid, bringing the total number of automatic bids to nine. Eight at-large selections and four predetermined regional sites carried over from the 2022 tournament.[10] The 2024 tournament will see the Conference Carolinas and Great Midwest Athletic Conference gain an automatic bid, bringing the total number of automatic bids to ten. Eight at-large selections and four predetermined regional sites carried over from the 2023 tournament.[11]

Champions

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All schools are listed with their current athletic brand names, which do not always match those used by a school in the relevant season.

NCAA National Collegiate Bowling Championship
Year Site Championship
Winner Score Runner-up Individual Games Most Outstanding Player Ref
2004
Details
Emerald Bowl
Houston, Texas
Nebraska 4–2 Central Missouri 170–131, 160–208, 185–190, 239–150, 219–197, 215–173[Note 1] Shannon Pluhowsky, Nebraska [12]
2005
Details
Wekiva Lanes
Orlando, Florida
Nebraska 4–2 Central Missouri 220–210, 247–266, 148–192, 205–190, 190–172, 235–184[Note 2] Amanda Burgoyne, Nebraska [13][14]
2006
Details
Emerald Bowl
Houston, Texas
Fairleigh Dickinson 4–1 Alabama A&M 209–165, 148–184, 172–165, 200–179, 196–165[Note 3] Lisa Friscioni, Fairleigh Dickinson [15]
2007
Details
Wekiva Lanes
Apopka, Florida
Vanderbilt 4–3 Maryland Eastern Shore 167–164, 242–166, 154–202, 148–170, 224–180, 178–235, 198–150[Note 4] Josie Earnest, Vanderbilt [16][17]
2008
Details
Thunder Alley
Omaha, Nebraska
Maryland Eastern Shore 4–2 Arkansas State 179–223, 200–181, 180–182, 217–164, 175–152, 174–170 Jessica Worsley, UMES [18][19]
2009
Details
Super Bowl Lanes
Canton, Michigan
Nebraska 4–1 Central Missouri 200–185, 149–198, 201–168, 201–177, 190–135 Cassandra Leuthold, Nebraska [20]
2010
Details
Brunswick Zone Carolier Lanes
North Brunswick, New Jersey
Fairleigh Dickinson 4–3 Nebraska 209–167, 202–222, 203–213, 229–192, 201–222, 230–190, 208–174 Danielle McEwan, Fairleigh Dickinson [21]
2011
Details
Skore Lanes
Taylor, Michigan
Maryland Eastern Shore 4–2 Vanderbilt 215–197, 164–193, 201–248, 234–204, 235–166, 192–181 Kristina Frahm, UMES [22][23]
2012
Details
Freeway Lanes
Wickliffe, Ohio
Maryland Eastern Shore 4–2 Fairleigh Dickinson 222–204, 236–215, 167–249, 208–168, 170–223, 203–176 T'nia Falbo, UMES [24]
2013
Details
Super Bowl Lanes
Canton, Michigan
Nebraska 4½–2½ Vanderbilt 211–199, 186–197, 156–169, 190–190, 196–189, 202–182, 246–200 Liz Kuhlkin, Nebraska [25]
2014
Game of Wickliffe
Wickliffe, Ohio
Sam Houston 4–2 Nebraska 181–166, 182–187, 193–190, 189–197, 205–191, 195–165 Kimi Davidson,
Sam Houston
[26]
2015
Tropicana Lanes
Richmond Heights, Missouri
Nebraska 4–2 Stephen F. Austin 237–232, 178–253, 201–171, 179–188, 205–201, 195–154 Julia Bond, Nebraska [27]
2016 Brunswick Zone Carolier Lanes
North Brunswick, New Jersey
Stephen F. Austin 4–3 Nebraska 193–205, 238–198, 265–242, 164–227, 196–187, 160–237, 247–192 Kiara Grant, Stephen F. Austin [28]
2017
Raising Cane's River Center
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
McKendree 4–0 Nebraska 182–169, 244–192, 224–212, 240–223 Breanna Clemmer, McKendree [29]
2018
Details
Tropicana Lanes
Richmond Heights, Missouri
Vanderbilt 4–3 McKendree 224–204, 174–233, 182–193, 233–204, 203–255, 208–205, 220–191 Emily Rigney & Katie Stark, Vanderbilt [30]
2019
Details
RollHouse Wickliffe
Wickliffe, Ohio
Stephen F. Austin 4–1 Vanderbilt 167–183, 222–166, 203–175, 224–190, 213–202 Paige Beeney, Stephen F. Austin [31]
2020
Thunderbowl Lanes
Allen Park, Michigan
Canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic [7]
2021
Details
AMF Pro Lanes
North Kansas City, Missouri
Nebraska 4–1 Arkansas State 217–224, 235–194, 201–190, 179–162, 198–170 Crystal Elliott, Nebraska [32]
2022
Details
Wayne Webb's Columbus Bowl
Columbus, Ohio
McKendree 4–0 Stephen F. Austin 201–188, 200–188, 186–182, 215–189 Hope Gramly, McKendree [33]
2023
Details
South Point Hotel
Enterprise, Nevada
Vanderbilt 4–3 Arkansas State 156–191, 171–189, 215–198, 159–196, 205–156, 193–187, 193–160 Jennifer Loredo, Vanderbilt [34]
2024
Thunderbowl Lanes
Allen Park, Michigan
Jacksonville State 4–3 Arkansas State 239–194, 204–211, 244–207, 183–221, 205–255, 237–190, 255–192 Rebecca Hagerman, Jacksonville State [35]
2025
National Bowling Stadium
Reno, Nevada[36]
2026
RollHouse Wickliffe
Wickliffe, Ohio[37]
2027
AMF Mt. Lebanon Lanes
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania[38]
2028
Royal Scot Golf & Bowl
Lansing, Michigan[39]

Team titles

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NCAA Bowling Championship is located in the United States
Fairleigh Dickinson
Fairleigh Dickinson
Jacksonville State
Jacksonville State
Maryland Eastern Shore
Maryland Eastern Shore
McKendree
McKendree
Nebraska
Nebraska
Sam Houston
Sam Houston
Stephen F. Austin
Stephen F. Austin
Vanderbilt
Vanderbilt
Schools that have won the NCAA Championship
6, 3, 2, 1
Team # Years
Nebraska 6 2004, 2005, 2009, 2013, 2015, 2021
Maryland Eastern Shore 3 2008, 2011, 2012
Vanderbilt 2007, 2018, 2023
Fairleigh Dickinson 2 2006, 2010
McKendree 2017, 2022
Stephen F. Austin 2016, 2019
Jacksonville State 1 2024
Sam Houston 2014

Result by school and year

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43 teams have appeared in the NCAA Tournament in at least one year starting with 2004. The results for all years are shown in this table below.[40] Conference affiliations in the table reflect those in place for the 2023–24 school year. The code in each cell represents the furthest the team made it in the respective tournament:

School Conference # 8 4 2 CH 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24

Nebraska Independent 20 20 17 10 6 CH CH 3 3ᴛ 7ᴛ CH RU 3ᴛ 3ᴛ CH RU CH RU RU 3ᴛ 3ᴛ CH R2 3 R2
Vanderbilt CUSA 18 18 10 6 3 5ᴛ CH 3ᴛ 5ᴛ 5ᴛ RU 3ᴛ RU 5ᴛ 7ᴛ 7ᴛ 3ᴛ CH RU R2 3 CH R2
Maryland Eastern Shore MEAC 14 13 7 4 3 7ᴛ 7ᴛ 7ᴛ RU CH 7ᴛ 5ᴛ CH CH 3ᴛ 3ᴛ 5ᴛ 3ᴛ R3
Stephen F. Austin CUSA 6 6 4 4 2 RU CH 7ᴛ CH RU R2
Fairleigh Dickinson NEC 14 13 9 3 2 4 3 CH 3ᴛ 3ᴛ CH 3ᴛ RU 5ᴛ 7ᴛ 5ᴛ 7ᴛ R3 4
McKendree GLVC 7 7 6 3 2 3ᴛ CH RU 5ᴛ 3 CH 4
Sam Houston CUSA 12 11 5 1 1 7ᴛ 7ᴛ CH 3ᴛ 5ᴛ 3ᴛ 3ᴛ 7ᴛ R2 R4 R2 4
Jacksonville State CUSA 1 1 1 1 1 CH
Arkansas State CUSA 16 16 6 4 - RU 7ᴛ 3ᴛ 5ᴛ 5ᴛ 3ᴛ 5ᴛ 5ᴛ 5ᴛ 5ᴛ 5ᴛ 7ᴛ RU R2 RU RU
Central Missouri GLVC 13 13 3 3 - RU RU 5ᴛ 5ᴛ 5ᴛ RU 7ᴛ 7ᴛ 7ᴛ 5ᴛ 7ᴛ 7ᴛ 7ᴛ
Alabama A&M SWAC 1 1 1 1 - RU
New Jersey City AMCC 7 7 4 - - 3 5ᴛ 4 7ᴛ 3ᴛ 5ᴛ 3ᴛ
Youngstown State CUSA 4 3 2 - - 4 R3 R2 3
Wisconsin–Whitewater Independent 3 3 2 - - 7ᴛ 3ᴛ 3ᴛ
North Carolina A&T MEAC 6 4 1 - - 3ᴛ 5ᴛ R2 R3 R2 R3
Delaware State MEAC 3 2 1 - - 3ᴛ 7ᴛ R3
Bethune–Cookman SWAC 2 2 1 - - 4 7ᴛ
Sacred Heart NEC 9 7 - - - 5ᴛ 5ᴛ 5ᴛ 7ᴛ 7ᴛ 5ᴛ R2 R4 R3
Louisiana Tech CUSA 4 2 - - - R4 R2 R3 R2
Minnesota State defunct 2 2 - - - 7ᴛ 5ᴛ
Fayetteville State CIAA 3 1 - - - 7ᴛ
Merrimack NEC 1 - - - - R3
Duquesne NEC 3 1 - - - R3 R3 R2
Mount St. Mary's Independent 2 1 - - - R4 R2
Southern SWAC 1 1 - - - 5ᴛ
Winston-Salem State defunct 1 1 - - - 7ᴛ
Kutztown ECC 1 1 - - - 5ᴛ
Valparaiso CUSA 1 1 - - - 5ᴛ
Lincoln Memorial Carolinas 1 1 - - - 7ᴛ
Saint Francis (PA) NEC 1 1 - - - 7ᴛ
Medaille AMCC 4 - - - - P R3 R3 R4
Bowie State CIAA 3 - - - - P P R4
Prairie View A&M SWAC 3 - - - - P R4 R4
Alabama State SWAC 2 - - - - R4
Maryville (MO) GLVC 2 - - - - R3 R3
Mercyhurst ECC 2 - - - - R4 R4
Texas Southern SWAC 1 - - - - P
Caldwell CACC 1 - - - - P
Roberts Wesleyan ECC 1 - - - - R4
Wilmington (DE) CACC 1 - - - - R3
Carthage CCIW 1 - - - - R4
Belmont Abbey Carolinas 1 - - - - R4
Marian (WI) CCIW 1 - - - - R4
William Smith AMCC 1 - - - - R4

NCAA Programs

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A total of 102 teams[a] competed in the 2023–24 season:

  • 38 from Division I
  • 39 from Division II
  • 25 from Division III
  1. ^ From the linked website, select "Women's Bowling" from the "Sport" menu, and the desired division from the "Division" menu.

Conferences

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Nebraska had to win two best-of-seven matchups against Central Missouri (who advanced to the finals after going undefeated in Friday's double elimination format) to win the first NCAA bowling title. Nebraska won the first match 4–2 (183–176, 168–200, 195–170, 212–212 (60–40), 168–203, 246–195) to force the winner-take-all match.
  2. ^ Under the same double elimination format used in 2004, Nebraska went undefeated, winning three matches on Friday, meaning they only had to win once (out of a possible two best-of-seven matches) against Central Missouri to win the NCAA Bowling Championship. Nebraska needed only one best-of-seven match-up to win their second straight NCAA Bowling title.
  3. ^ Fairleigh Dickinson (only team undefeated, 3-0 after Friday's double elimination matches) needed only one best-of-seven match (out of a possible two matches) to defeat Alabama A&M.
  4. ^ The double elimination format was tweaked in 2007 and was last used in the 2019 championships. Under the previous double elimination format used from 2004–2006, the finalist with one loss had to defeat the undefeated finalist twice in best-of-seven matches to win the bowling championship. Beginning in 2007, two teams that win two best-of-seven matches advance to the semifinals. In the semifinals, the two undefeated teams would only need to win once out a possible two matches to advance to the final. In the 2007 championships, Vanderbilt and Maryland Eastern Shore won two matches to advance to the semifinals. Both teams only needed one match to advance to the best-of-seven finals match.
  5. ^ The GLVC added women's bowling for 2019–20, effectively absorbing the former bowling league of the Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association. Of the six schools that competed in MIAA bowling in 2018–19, five joined GLVC bowling. Lincoln (MO) dropped bowling after the 2019–20 season, but was immediately replaced by the new bowling team of full GLVC member Quincy. The GLVC has received an automatic bid to the Championship since 2021–22.

References

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  1. ^ "Huskers Clinch NCAA Regional Berth". University of Nebraska - Official Athletics Website. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  2. ^ NCAA Bowling Championship Format
  3. ^ "2018 NCAA Women's Bowling Championship Opening Round Match Information and Bid Checklist" (PDF). NCAA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-29. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  4. ^ "2019 NCAA Women's Bowling Championship Opening Round Match Information and Bid Checklist" (PDF). Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  5. ^ "2018 NCAA women's bowling championship field announced". NCAA. March 28, 2018. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
  6. ^ a b c "Memorandum: NCAA Bowling Season and Championship Information" (PDF). NCAA Women's Bowling Committee. September 9, 2019. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
  7. ^ a b "NCAA cancels remaining winter and spring championships due to coronavirus concerns". NCAA.com. March 12, 2020. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
  8. ^ "Nebraska wins 2021 NCAA Bowling Championship". NCAA.
  9. ^ "National Collegiate women's bowling championship field announced". NCAA.
  10. ^ "2023 NCAA bowling championship selections announced". www.ncaa.com. Retrieved 2023-03-30.
  11. ^ "National Collegiate Women's Bowling Championship field announced". www.ncaa.com. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  12. ^ "Huskers Win NCAA Bowling Title" (Press release). University of Nebraska Athletics. April 10, 2004.
  13. ^ "Huskers Repeat as National Champions" (Press release). April 16, 2005.
  14. ^ http://www.netitor.com/photos/schoolslt/mdes/sports/w-bowl/auto_pdf/2005finalchampionshipbracket.pdf 2005 NCAA Bowling Bracket
  15. ^ http://www.bowlingdigital.com/bowl/node/896 Fairleigh Dickinson Win 2006 NCAA Women’s Bowling Championship
  16. ^ "Vanderbilt Bowlers Make History! Commodores Crowned as NCAA Champs" (Press release). Vanderbilt University Athletics. April 14, 2007. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
  17. ^ 2007 NCAA Women's Bowling Bracket
  18. ^ "National Champions!!!!!" (Press release). University of Maryland Eastern Shore Athletics. April 12, 2008.
  19. ^ 2008 NCAA Women's Bowling Bracket
  20. ^ "Huskers Capture NCAA Bowling Title" (Press release). University of Nebraska Athletics. April 12, 2009.
  21. ^ "Fairleigh Dickinson Women's Bowling Wins National Championship" (Press release). Fairleigh Dickinson University Athletics. April 10, 2010.
  22. ^ "National Champions!" (Press release). University of Maryland Eastern Shore Athletics. April 16, 2011. Archived from the original on July 13, 2015. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
  23. ^ 2011 NCAA Women's Bowling Championship
  24. ^ "Hawks Soar Higher; Win Back to Back NCAA Championships" (Press release). University of Maryland Eastern Shore Athletics. April 15, 2012. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
  25. ^ "Huskers Capture Fourth National Title" (Press release). University of Nebraska Athletics. April 13, 2013.
  26. ^ Spoor, Mark (April 13, 2014). "Bearkat beginnings" (Press release). NCAA.
  27. ^ "Huskers Capture Fifth NCAA Title" (Press release). University of Nebraska Athletics. April 11, 2015.
  28. ^ "NATIONAL CHAMPIONS! Ladyjacks Down Nebraska For Program's First NCAA Title" (Press release). Stephen F. Austin University Athletics. April 16, 2016.
  29. ^ "NATIONAL CHAMPIONS! McKendree wins 2017 NCAA Women's Bowling Crown" (Press release). McKendree University Athletics. April 15, 2017.
  30. ^ "Vanderbilt Bowling Upends McKendree for 2018 NCAA Championship". Southland Conference. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
  31. ^ "Ladyjacks Claim School's Second Division I Team National Championship". Stephen F. Austin State University Athletics. Retrieved 2019-04-14.
  32. ^ "National Champions". University of Nebraska. Retrieved 2021-04-11.
  33. ^ "Women's Bowling Sweeps Stephen F. Austin, Claims 2022 NCAA National Championship". McKendree University Athletics. Retrieved 2022-04-17.
  34. ^ "National Champions". Vanderbilt University Athletics - Official Athletics Website. 2023-04-15. Retrieved 2023-04-16.
  35. ^ "NATIONAL CHAMPS! Gamecocks Rally Past Arkansas State to Win Bowling National Title". Jacksonville State University Athletics. 2024-04-14. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
  36. ^ "Nevada selected to host two future NCAA championships". Oct 14, 2020.
  37. ^ "Cleveland selected to host 2025 men's basketball, 2026 NCAA D1 wrestling & six other NCAA champs". Oct 14, 2020.
  38. ^ "Duquesne Selected to Host Pair of NCAA Championships in 2027". Duquesne Athletics. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  39. ^ "NCAA announces more than 240 host site selections". NCAA. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  40. ^ "National Collegiate Women's Bowling Championships Record Book" (PDF). NCAA. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
  41. ^ "CCIW Announces the Addition of Women's Bowling as Its 25th Sport; Three Programs Added as Associate Members" (Press release). College Conference of Illinois and Wisconsin. July 23, 2020. Retrieved September 7, 2020.
  42. ^ "Marian women's bowling set to join Central Intercollegiate Bowling Conference" (Press release). Marian University Athletics. 2019-04-12. Retrieved 2019-04-14.
  43. ^ "Conference Carolinas Unveils Addition of Tusculum as Associate Member in Men's and Women's Bowling" (Press release). Conference Carolinas. June 3, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
  44. ^ "Great Midwest Collaborates With Conference Carolinas For 2021-22 Bowling Championships" (Press release). Great Midwest Athletic Conference. March 25, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
  45. ^ "Conference USA to Add Bowling for 2023-24 Season" (Press release). Conference USA. May 10, 2023. Retrieved May 15, 2023.
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