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High jump

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Athletics
High jump
Canadian high jumper Nicole Forrester demonstrating the Fosbury flop
World records
MenCuba Javier Sotomayor 2.45 m (8 ft 14 in) (1993)
WomenUkraine Yaroslava Mahuchikh 2.10 m (6 ft 10+12 in) (2024)
Olympic records
MenUnited States Charles Austin 2.39 m (7 ft 10 in) (1996)
WomenRussia Yelena Slesarenko 2.06 m (6 ft 9 in) (2004)
World Championship records
MenUkraine Bohdan Bondarenko 2.41 m (7 ft 10+34 in) (2013)
WomenBulgaria Stefka Kostadinova 2.09 m (6 ft 10+14 in) (1987)

The high jump is a track and field event in which competitors must jump unaided over a horizontal bar placed at measured heights without dislodging it. In its modern, most-practiced format, a bar is placed between two standards with a crash mat for landing. Since ancient times, competitors have successively improved their technique until developing the universally preferred Fosbury Flop, in which athletes run towards the bar and leap head first with their back to the bar.

The discipline is, alongside the pole vault, one of two vertical clearance events in the Olympic athletics program. It is contested at the World Championships in Athletics and the World Athletics Indoor Championships, and is a common occurrence at track and field meets. The high jump was among the first events deemed acceptable for women, having been held at the 1928 Olympic Games.

Javier Sotomayor (Cuba) is the world record holder with a jump of 2.45 m (8 ft 14 in) set in 1993 – the longest-standing record in the history of the men's high jump. Yaroslava Mahuchikh (Ukraine) is the women's world record holder with a jump of 2.10 m (6 ft 10+12 in) set in 2024.

Rules

[edit]
Yelena Slesarenko hitting the bar while using the Fosbury Flop technique

The rules set for the high jump by World Athletics (previously named the IAAF[1]) are Technical Rules TR26 and TR27[2] (previously Rules 181 and 182[1]). Jumpers must take off from one foot. A jump is considered a failure if the jumper dislodges the bar or touches the ground or any object behind the bar before clearance.

Competitors may begin jumping at any height announced by the chief judge, or may pass at their own discretion. Most competitions state that three consecutive missed jumps, at any height or combination of heights, will eliminate the jumper from contention. The victory goes to the jumper who clears the greatest height during the final.

Tie breaking

[edit]

If two or more jumpers tie for any place, the tie-breakers are: 1) the fewest misses at the height at which the tie occurred; and 2) the fewest misses throughout the competition. If the event remains tied for first place (or a limited-advancement position to a subsequent meet), the jumpers have a jump-off, beginning at the next height above their highest success. Jumpers have one attempt at each height. If only one succeeds, he or she wins; if more than one does, these try with the bar raised; if none does, all try with the bar lowered. This process was followed at the 2015 World Championship men's event and at the 2024 Summer Olympics.

Example:

Example jump-off
Competitor Main competition Jump-off Place
1.75m 1.80m 1.84m 1.88m 1.91m 1.94m 1.97m 1.91m 1.89m 1.91m
A o xo o xo x xx x o x 2
B xo xo xxx x o o 1
C o xo xo xxx x x 3
D xo xo xo xxx 4

In the example jump-off, the final cleared height is 1.88m, at which A B C and D each have one failure. D has two failures at lower heights compared to one each for the other three, who proceed to a jump-off at the next height above the final cleared height. C is eliminated in the second round of the jump-off 1.89m, then B wins in the third round.

A 2009 rule-change makes the jump-off optional, so that first place can be shared by agreement among tied athletes.[1] This rule led to shared gold in the 2020 Olympic men's event held in 2021.

History

[edit]
Konstantinos Tsiklitiras during the standing high jump competition at the 1912 Summer Olympics

The first recorded high jump event took place in Scotland in the 19th century. Early jumpers used either an elaborate straight-on approach or a scissors technique. In later years, the bar was approached diagonally, and the jumper threw first the inside leg and then the other over the bar in a scissoring motion.

Around the turn of the 20th century, techniques began to change, beginning with the Irish-American Michael Sweeney's Eastern cut-off as a variation of the scissors technique. By taking off as in the scissors method, extending his spine and flattening out over the bar, Sweeney raised the world record to 1.97 m (6 ft 5+12 in) in 1895. Even in 1948, John Winter of Australia won the gold medal of the 1948 London Olympics with this style. Besides, one of the most successful female high jumpers, Iolanda Balaș of Romania, used this style to dominate women's high jump for about 10 years until her retirement in 1967.

Another American, George Horine, developed an even more efficient technique, the Western roll. In this style, the bar again is approached on a diagonal, but the inner leg is used for the take-off, while the outer leg is thrust up to lead the body sideways over the bar. Horine increased the world standard to 2.01 m (6 ft 7 in) in 1912. His technique was predominant through the 1936 Berlin Olympics, in which the event was won by Cornelius Johnson at 2.03 m (6 ft 7+34 in).

American and Soviet jumpers were the most successful for the next four decades, and they pioneered the straddle technique. Straddle jumpers took off as in the Western roll but rotated their torso, belly-down, around the bar, obtaining the most efficient and highest clearance up to that time. Straddle jumper Charles Dumas was the first to clear 7 ft (2.13m), in 1956. American John Thomas pushed the world mark to 2.23 m (7 ft 3+34 in) in 1960. Valeriy Brumel of the Soviet Union took over the event for the next four years, radically speeding up his approach run. He took the record up to 2.28 m (7 ft 5+34 in) and won the gold medal of the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, before a motorcycle accident ended his career in 1965.

Gold medal winner Ethel Catherwood of Canada scissors over the bar at the 1928 Summer Olympics. Her winning result was 1.59 m (5 ft 2+12 in).
Platt Adams during the standing high jump competition at the 1912 Summer Olympics

American coaches, including two-time NCAA champion Frank Costello of the University of Maryland, flocked to Russia to learn from Brumel and his coaches like Vladimir Dyachkov. However, it would be a solitary innovator at Oregon State University, Dick Fosbury, who would bring the high jump into the next century.

Taking advantage of the raised, softer, artificially-cushioned landing areas that were in use by then, Fosbury added a new twist to the outmoded Eastern cut-off. He directed himself over the bar head and shoulders first, going over on his back and landing in a fashion that would likely have resulted in serious injury in the old ground-level landing pits, which were usually filled with sawdust or sand mixtures. Around the same time, Debbie Brill independently came up with the same technique, which she called the 'Brill Bend'.[3]

Since Fosbury used his new style, called the Fosbury flop, to win the gold medal of the 1968 Mexico Olympics, its use spread quickly, and soon "floppers" were dominating international high jump competitions. The first flopper setting a world record was the American Dwight Stones, who cleared 2.30 m (7 ft 6+12 in) in 1973. In the female side, the 16-year-old flopper Ulrike Meyfarth from West Germany won the gold medal of the 1972 Munich Olympics at 1.92 m (6 ft 3+12 in), which tied the women's world record at that time (held by the Austrian straddler Ilona Gusenbauer a year before). However, it was not until 1978 when a flopper, Sara Simeoni of Italy, broke the women's world record.

Successful high jumpers following Fosbury's lead also included the rival of Dwight Stones, 1.73 metres (5 ft 8 in)-tall Franklin Jacobs of Paterson, New Jersey, who cleared 2.32 m (7 ft 7+14 in), 0.59 metres (1 ft 11 in) over his head (a feat equalled 27 years later by Stefan Holm of Sweden); Chinese record-setters Ni-chi Chin and Zhu Jianhua; Germans Gerd Wessig and Dietmar Mögenburg; Swedish Olympic medalist and former world record holder Patrik Sjöberg; female jumpers Ulrike Meyfarth of West Germany and Sara Simeoni of Italy.

In spite of this, the straddle technique did not disappear at once. In 1977, the 18-year-old Soviet straddler Vladimir Yashchenko set a new world record 2.33 m (7 ft 7+12 in). In 1978, he raised the record to 2.34 m (7 ft 8 in), and 2.35 m (7 ft 8+12 in) indoor, just before a knee injury effectively ended his career when he was only 20 years old. In the female side, the straddler Rosemarie Ackermann of East Germany, who was the first female jumper ever to clear 2 m (6 ft 6+12 in), raised the world record from 1.95 m (6 ft 4+34 in) to 2.00 m (6 ft 6+12 in) during 1974 to 1977. In fact, from 2 June 1977 to 3 August 1978, almost 10 years after Fosbury's success, the men's and women's world records were still held by straddle jumpers Yashchenko and Ackermann respectively. However, they were the last world record holders using the straddle technique. Ackermann also won the gold medal of the 1976 Montreal Olympics, which was the last time for a straddle jumper (male or female) to win an Olympic medal.

In 1980, the Polish flopper, 1976 Olympic gold medalist Jacek Wszoła, broke Yashchenko's world record at 2.35 m (7 ft 8+12 in). Two years before, the female Italian flopper Sara Simeoni, the long-term rival of Ackermann, broke Ackermann's world record at 2.01 m (6 ft 7 in) and became the first female flopper to break the women's world record. She also won the gold medal of the 1980 Moscow Olympics, where Ackermann placed fourth. Since then, the flop style has been completely dominant. All other techniques were almost extinct in serious high jump competitions after late 1980s.

Technical aspects

[edit]

Technique and form have evolved greatly over the history of high jump. The Fosbury Flop is considered the most efficient way for competitors to propel themselves over the bar.

Approach

[edit]
Spanish jumper Ruth Beitia approaching the bar from an angle

For a Fosbury Flop, depending on the athlete's jump foot, they start on the right or left of the high jump mat, placing their jump foot farthest away from the mat. They take an eight- to ten-step approach, with the first three to five steps being in a straight line and the last five being on a curve. Athletes generally mark their approach in order to find as much consistency as possible.

The approach run can be more important than the takeoff. If a high jumper runs with bad timing or without enough aggression, clearing the bar becomes more of a challenge. The approach requires a certain shape or curve, the right amount of speed, and the correct number of strides. The approach angle is also critical for optimal height.

The straight run builds the momentum and sets the tone for a jump. The athlete starts by pushing off their takeoff foot with slow, powerful steps, then begins to accelerate. They should be running upright by the end of the straight portion.

The athlete's takeoff foot will be landing on the first step of the curve, and they will continue to accelerate, focusing their body towards the opposite back corner of the high jump mat. While staying erect and leaning away from the mat, the athlete takes their final two steps flat-footed, rolling from the heel to the toe.

Most great straddle jumpers run at angles of about 30 to 40 degrees. The length of the run is determined by the speed of the approach. A slower run requires about eight strides, but a faster high jumper might need about 13 strides. Greater speed allows a greater part of the body's forward momentum to be converted upward.[4]

The J approach favored by Fosbury floppers allows for speed, the ability to turn in the air (centripetal force), and a good takeoff position, which helps turn horizontal momentum into vertical momentum. The approach should be a hard, controlled stride so that the athlete does not fall from running at an angle. Athletes should lean into the curve from their ankles, not their hips. This allows their hips to rotate during takeoff, which in turn allows their center of gravity to pass under the bar.[5]

Takeoff

[edit]

The takeoff can be double-arm or single-arm. In both cases, the plant foot should be the foot farthest from the bar, angled towards the opposite back corner of the mat, as they drive up the knee on their non-takeoff leg. This is accompanied by a one- or two-arm swing while driving the knee.

Unlike the straddle technique, where the takeoff foot is "planted" in the same spot regardless of the height of the bar, flop-style jumpers must adjust their approach run as the bar is raised so that their takeoff spot is slightly farther out from the bar. Jumpers attempting to reach record heights commonly fail when most of their energy is directed into the vertical effort and they knock the bar off the standards with the backs of their legs as they stall.

An effective approach shape can be derived from physics. For example, the rate of backward spin required as the jumper crosses the bar in order to facilitate shoulder clearance on the way up and foot clearance on the way down can be determined by computer simulation. This rotation rate can be back-calculated to determine the required angle of lean away from the bar at the moment of planting, based on how long the jumper is on the takeoff foot. This information, together with the jumper's speed, can be used to calculate the radius of the curved part of the approach. One can also work in the opposite direction by assuming a certain approach radius and determining the resulting backward rotation.

Drills can be practiced to solidify the approach. One drill is to run in a straight line and then run two to three circles spiraling into one another. Another is to run or skip a circle of any size two to three times in a row.[6] It is important to leap upwards without first leaning into the bar, allowing the momentum of the J approach to carry the body across the bar.

Flight

[edit]

The knee on the athlete's non-takeoff leg naturally turns their body, placing them in the air with their back to the bar. The athlete then drives their shoulders towards the back of their feet, arching their body over the bar. They can look over their shoulder to judge when to kick both feet over their head, causing their body to clear the bar and land on the mat.[7]

All-time top 25

[edit]
Outdoor tables show data for two definitions of "Top 25" - the top 25 high jump marks and the top 25 athletes:
- denotes top performance for athletes in the top 25 high jump marks
- denotes lesser performances, still in the top 25 high jump marks, by repeat athletes
- denotes top performance (only) for other top 25 athletes who fall outside the top 25 high jump marks

Men (outdoor)

[edit]
Ath.# Perf.# Mark Athlete Nation Date Place Ref.
1 1 2.45 m (8 ft 14 in) Javier Sotomayor  Cuba 27 July 1993 Salamanca
2 2.44 m (8 ft 0 in) Sotomayor #2 29 July 1989 San Juan
3 2.43 m (7 ft 11+12 in) Sotomayor #3 8 September 1988 Salamanca
2 3 2.43 m (7 ft 11+12 in) Mutaz Essa Barshim  Qatar 5 September 2014 Brussels [12]
3 5 2.42 m (7 ft 11+14 in) Patrik Sjöberg  Sweden 30 June 1987 Stockholm
5 2.42 m (7 ft 11+14 in) Sotomayor #4 5 June 1994 Seville
3 5 2.42 m (7 ft 11+14 in) Bohdan Bondarenko  Ukraine 14 June 2014 New York City [13]
5 2.42 m (7 ft 11+14 in) Barshim #2 14 June 2014 New York City [13]
5 9 2.41 m (7 ft 10+34 in) Igor Paklin  Soviet Union 4 September 1985 Kobe
9 2.41 m (7 ft 10+34 in) Sotomayor #5 25 June 1994 Havana
Sotomayor #6 15 July 1994 London
Bondarenko #2 4 July 2013 Lausanne
Bondarenko #3 15 August 2013 Moscow
Barshim #3 5 June 2014 Rome
Barshim #4 22 August 2014 Eberstadt
Barshim #5 30 May 2015 Eugene
6 17 2.40 m (7 ft 10+14 in) Rudolf Povarnitsyn  Soviet Union 11 August 1985 Donetsk
17 2.40 m (7 ft 10+14 in) Sotomayor #7 12 March 1989 Havana
Sjöberg #2 5 August 1989 Brussels
17 2.40 m (7 ft 10+14 in) A Sotomayor #8 13 August 1989 Bogotá
6 17 2.40 m (7 ft 10+14 in) Sorin Matei  Romania 20 June 1990 Bratislava
17 2.40 m (7 ft 10+14 in) Sotomayor #9 19 July 1991 Paris
6 17 2.40 m (7 ft 10+14 in) Charles Austin  United States 7 August 1991 Zurich
17 2.40 m (7 ft 10+14 in) Sotomayor #10 22 May 1993 Havana
Sotomayor #11 23 July 1993 London
Sotomayor #12 22 August 1993 Stuttgart
Sotomayor #13 10 July 1994 Eberstadt
Sotomayor #14 18 July 1994 Nice
Sotomayor #15 29 July 1994 Saint Petersburg
Sotomayor #16 11 September 1994 London
Sotomayor #17 25 March 1995 Mar del Plata
6 17 2.40 m (7 ft 10+14 in) Vyacheslav Voronin  Russia 5 August 2000 London
17 2.40 m (7 ft 10+14 in) Barshim #6 1 June 2013 Eugene
6 17 2.40 m (7 ft 10+14 in) Derek Drouin  Canada 25 April 2014 Des Moines
17 2.40 m (7 ft 10+14 in) Bondarenko #4 11 May 2014 Tokyo
Bondarenko #5 3 July 2014 Lausanne [14]
6 17 2.40 m (7 ft 10+14 in) Andriy Protsenko  Ukraine 3 July 2014 Lausanne [14]
17 2.40 m (7 ft 10+14 in) Bondarenko #6 18 July 2014 Monaco
Bondarenko #7 5 September 2014 Brussels [12]
Barshim #7 11 June 2016 Opole
Barshim #8 20 August 2017 Birmingham
Barshim #9 27 August 2017 Eberstadt
Barshim #10 4 May 2018 Doha
Barshim #11 2 July 2018 Székesfehérvár
12 2.39 m (7 ft 10 in) Zhu Jianhua  China 10 June 1984 Eberstadt
Hollis Conway  United States 30 July 1989 Norman
Ivan Ukhov  Russia 5 July 2012 Cheboksary
Gianmarco Tamberi  Italy 15 July 2016 Monaco [15]
16 2.38 m (7 ft 9+12 in) Hennadiy Avdyeyenko  Soviet Union 6 September 1987 Rome
Sergey Malchenko  Soviet Union 4 September 1988 Banská Bystrica
Dragutin Topić  Yugoslavia 1 August 1993 Belgrade
Troy Kemp  Bahamas 12 July 1995 Nice
Artur Partyka  Poland 18 August 1996 Eberstadt
Jacques Freitag  South Africa 5 March 2005 Oudtshoorn
Andriy Sokolovskyy  Ukraine 8 July 2005 Rome
Andrey Silnov  Russia 25 July 2008 London
Zhang Guowei  China 30 May 2015 Eugene
Danil Lysenko  Authorised Neutral Athletes 27 August 2017 Eberstadt

Annulled marks

[edit]

The following athletes have had their personal best annulled due to doping offences:

Mark Athlete Date Place Ref
2.41 m (7 ft 10+34 in)  Ivan Ukhov (RUS) 10 May 2014 Doha
2.40 m (7 ft 10+14 in)  Danil Lysenko (RUS) 20 July 2018 Monaco

Women (outdoor)

[edit]
Ath.# Perf.# Mark Athlete Nation Date Place Ref.
1 1 2.10 m (6 ft 10+12 in) Yaroslava Mahuchikh  Ukraine 7 July 2024 Paris [16]
2 2 2.09 m (6 ft 10+14 in) Stefka Kostadinova  Bulgaria 30 August 1987 Rome
3 2.08 m (6 ft 9+34 in) Kostadinova #2 31 May 1986 Sofia
3 3 2.08 m (6 ft 9+34 in) Blanka Vlašić  Croatia 31 August 2009 Zagreb
4 5 2.07 m (6 ft 9+14 in) Lyudmila Andonova  Bulgaria 20 July 1984 Berlin
5 2.07 m (6 ft 9+14 in) Kostadinova #3 25 May 1986 Sofia
Kostadinova #4 16 September 1987 Cagliari
Kostadinova #5 3 September 1988 Sofia
Vlašić #2 7 August 2007 Stockholm
4 5 2.07 m (6 ft 9+14 in) Anna Chicherova  Russia 22 July 2011 Cheboksary
11 2.06 m (6 ft 9 in) Kostadinova #6 18 August 1985 Moscow
Kostadinova #7 15 June 1986 Fürth
Kostadinova #8 14 September 1986 Cagliari
Kostadinova #9 6 June 1987 Worrstadt
Kostadinova #10 8 September 1987 Rieti
6 11 2.06 m (6 ft 9 in) Kajsa Bergqvist  Sweden 26 July 2003 Eberstadt
Hestrie Cloete  South Africa 31 August 2003 Paris
Yelena Slesarenko  Russia 28 August 2004 Athens
11 2.06 m (6 ft 9 in) Vlašić #3 30 July 2007 Thessaloniki
Vlašić #4 22 June 2008 Istanbul
Vlašić #5 5 July 2008 Madrid
6 11 2.06 m (6 ft 9 in) Ariane Friedrich  Germany 14 June 2009 Berlin
Mariya Lasitskene  Authorised Neutral Athletes 6 July 2017 Lausanne [17]
11 2.06 m (6 ft 9 in) Lasitskene #2 20 June 2019 Ostrava [18]
11 25 2.05 m (6 ft 8+12 in) Tamara Bykova  Soviet Union 22 June 1984 Kyiv
25 2.05 m (6 ft 8+12 in) Kostadinova #11 14 June 1986 Worrstadt
Kostadinova #12 7 September 1986 Rieti
Kostadinova #13 4 July 1987 Oslo
Kostadinova #14 13 September 1987 Padua
Kostadinova #15 12 August 1988 Budapest
11 25 2.05 m (6 ft 8+12 in) Heike Henkel  Germany 31 August 1991 Tokyo
25 2.05 m (6 ft 8+12 in) Kostadinova #16 4 July 1992 San Marino
Kostadinova #17 18 September 1993 Fukuoka
11 25 2.05 m (6 ft 8+12 in) Inha Babakova  Ukraine 15 September 1995 Tokyo
25 2.05 m (6 ft 8+12 in) Kostadinova #18 3 August 1996 Atlanta
Bergqvist #2 18 August 2002 Poznań
Cloete #2 10 August 2003 Berlin
Bergqvist #3 28 July 2006 London
Vlašić #6 21 July 2007 Madrid
Vlašić #7 2 September 2007 Osaka
Vlašić #8 12 June 2008 Ostrava
Vlašić #9 1 July 2008 Bydgoszcz
11 25 2.05 m (6 ft 8+12 in) Tia Hellebaut  Belgium 23 August 2008 Beijing
25 2.05 m (6 ft 8+12 in) Vlašić #10 23 August 2008 Beijing
Vlašić #11 8 May 2009 Doha
11 25 2.05 m (6 ft 8+12 in) Chaunté Lowe  United States 26 June 2010 Des Moines
25 2.05 m (6 ft 8+12 in) Vlašić #12 5 September 2010 Split
Chicherova #2 16 September 2011 Brussels
Chicherova #3 11 August 2012 London
Lasitskene #3 21 July 2017 Monaco
Lasitskene #4 8 September 2021 Zurich [19]
Mahuchikh #2 2 September 2022 Brussels [20]
16 2.04 m (6 ft 8+14 in) Silvia Costa  Cuba 9 September 1989 Barcelona
Venelina Veneva-Mateeva  Bulgaria 2 June 2001 Kalamata
Irina Gordeeva  Russia 19 August 2012 Eberstadt
Brigetta Barrett  United States 22 June 2013 Des Moines
20 2.03 m (6 ft 7+34 in) Ulrike Meyfarth  West Germany 21 August 1983 London
Louise Ritter  United States 8 July 1988 Austin
Tatyana Motkova  Russia 30 May 1995 Bratislava
Niki Bakoyianni  Greece 3 August 1996 Atlanta
Antonietta Di Martino  Italy 24 June 2007 Milan
Nicola Olyslagers  Australia 17 September 2023 Eugene [21]

Men (indoor)

[edit]
Rank Mark Athlete Date Place Ref
1 2.43 m (7 ft 11+12 in)  Javier Sotomayor (CUB) 4 March 1989 Budapest
2 2.42 m (7 ft 11+14 in)  Carlo Thränhardt (FRG) 26 February 1988 Berlin
3 2.41 m (7 ft 10+34 in)  Patrik Sjöberg (SWE) 1 February 1987 Piraeus
 Mutaz Essa Barshim (QAT) 18 February 2015 Athlone
5 2.40 m (7 ft 10+14 in)  Hollis Conway (USA) 10 March 1991 Seville
 Stefan Holm (SWE) 6 March 2005 Madrid
 Ivan Ukhov (RUS) 25 February 2009 Piraeus
 Aleksey Dmitrik (RUS) 8 February 2014 Arnstadt
9 2.39 m (7 ft 10 in)  Dietmar Mögenburg (FRG) 24 February 1985 Cologne
 Ralf Sonn (GER) 1 March 1991 Berlin
11 2.38 m (7 ft 9+12 in)  Igor Paklin (URS) 7 March 1987 Indianapolis
 Gennadiy Avdeyenko (URS) 7 March 1987 Indianapolis
 Steve Smith (GBR) 4 February 1994 Wuppertal
 Wolf-Hendrik Beyer (GER) 18 March 1994 Weinheim
 Sorin Matei (ROU) 3 February 1995 Wuppertal
 Matt Hemingway (USA) 4 March 2000 Atlanta
 Yaroslav Rybakov (RUS) 15 February 2005 Stockholm
 Linus Thörnblad (SWE) 25 February 2007 Gothenburg
 Gianmarco Tamberi (ITA) 13 February 2016 Hustopeče
 Danil Lysenko (RUS) 29 January 2023 Moscow [22]
21 2.37 m (7 ft 9+14 in)  Artur Partyka (POL) 3 February 1991 Sulingen
 Dalton Grant (GBR) 13 March 1994 Paris
 Charles Austin (USA) 1 March 1996 Atlanta
 Vyacheslav Voronin (RUS) 5 March 2005 Glasgow
 Jaroslav Bába (CZE) 5 February 2000 Arnstadt
 Andrey Silnov (RUS) 2 February 2008 Arnstadt
 Maksim Nedasekau (BLR) 7 March 2021 Toruń

Annulled marks

[edit]

The following athletes have had their personal best annulled due to doping offences:

Mark Athlete Date Place Ref
2.42 m (7 ft 11+14 in)  Ivan Ukhov (RUS) 25 February 2014 Prague

Women (indoor)

[edit]
Rank Mark Athlete Date Place Ref
1 2.08 m (6 ft 9+34 in)  Kajsa Bergqvist (SWE) 4 February 2006 Arnstadt
2 2.07 m (6 ft 9+14 in)  Heike Henkel (GER) 8 February 1992 Karlsruhe
3 2.06 m (6 ft 9 in)  Stefka Kostadinova (BUL) 20 February 1988 Athens
 Blanka Vlašić (CRO) 6 February 2010 Arnstadt
 Anna Chicherova (RUS) 4 February 2012 Arnstadt
 Yaroslava Mahuchikh (UKR) 2 February 2021 Banská Bystrica [17]
7 2.05 m (6 ft 8+12 in)  Tia Hellebaut (BEL) 3 March 2007 Birmingham
 Ariane Friedrich (GER) 15 February 2009 Karlsruhe
 Mariya Lasitskene (RUS) 9 February 2020 Moscow
10 2.04 m (6 ft 8+14 in)  Alina Astafei (GER) 3 March 1995 Berlin
 Yelena Slesarenko (RUS) 7 March 2004 Budapest
 Antonietta Di Martino (ITA) 9 February 2011 Banská Bystrica
13 2.03 m (6 ft 7+34 in)  Tamara Bykova (URS) 6 March 1983 Budapest
 Monica Iagăr (ROU) 23 January 1999 Bucharest
 Marina Kuptsova (RUS) 2 March 2002 Vienna
16 2.02 m (6 ft 7+12 in)  Susanne Beyer (GDR) 8 March 1987 Indianapolis
 Venelina Veneva-Mateeva (BUL) 2 February 2002 Łódź
 Yelena Yelesina (RUS) 26 February 2003 Moscow
2.02 m (6 ft 7+12 in) A  Chaunte Lowe (USA) 26 February 2012 Albuquerque
2.02 m (6 ft 7+12 in)  Kamila Lićwinko (POL) 21 February 2015 Toruń
21 2.01 m (6 ft 7 in)  Gabriele Günz (GDR) 31 January 1988 Stuttgart
 Ioamnet Quintero (CUB) 5 March 1993 Berlin
 Tisha Waller (USA) 28 February 1998 Atlanta
 Ruth Beitia (ESP) 24 February 2007 Piraeus
 Vita Palamar (UKR) 9 March 2008 Valencia
 Irina Gordeeva (RUS) 28 January 2009 Cottbus
 Airinė Palšytė (LTU) 4 March 2017 Belgrade

Olympic medalists

[edit]

Men

[edit]
Games Gold Silver Bronze
1896 Athens
details
Ellery Harding Clark
 United States
James Brendan Connolly
 United States
none awarded
Robert Garrett
 United States
1900 Paris
details
Irving Baxter
 United States
Patrick Leahy
 Great Britain
Lajos Gönczy
 Hungary
1904 St. Louis
details
Samuel Jones
 United States
Garrett Serviss
 United States
Paul Weinstein
 Germany
1908 London
details
Harry Porter
 United States
Géo André
 France
none awarded
Con Leahy
 Great Britain
István Somodi
 Hungary
1912 Stockholm
details
Alma Richards
 United States
Hans Liesche
 Germany
George Horine
 United States
1920 Antwerp
details
Richmond Landon
 United States
Harold Muller
 United States
Bo Ekelund
 Sweden
1924 Paris
details
Harold Osborn
 United States
Leroy Brown
 United States
Pierre Lewden
 France
1928 Amsterdam
details
Bob King
 United States
Benjamin Hedges
 United States
Claude Ménard
 France
1932 Los Angeles
details
Duncan McNaughton
 Canada
Bob Van Osdel
 United States
Simeon Toribio
 Philippines
1936 Berlin
details
Cornelius Johnson
 United States
Dave Albritton
 United States
Delos Thurber
 United States
1948 London
details
John Winter
 Australia
Bjørn Paulson
 Norway
George Stanich
 United States
1952 Helsinki
details
Walt Davis
 United States
Ken Wiesner
 United States
José da Conceição
 Brazil
1956 Melbourne
details
Charles Dumas
 United States
Chilla Porter
 Australia
Igor Kashkarov
 Soviet Union
1960 Rome
details
Robert Shavlakadze
 Soviet Union
Valeriy Brumel
 Soviet Union
John Thomas
 United States
1964 Tokyo
details
Valeriy Brumel
 Soviet Union
John Thomas
 United States
John Rambo
 United States
1968 Mexico City
details
Dick Fosbury
 United States
Ed Caruthers
 United States
Valentin Gavrilov
 Soviet Union
1972 Munich
details
Jüri Tarmak
 Soviet Union
Stefan Junge
 East Germany
Dwight Stones
 United States
1976 Montreal
details
Jacek Wszoła
 Poland
Greg Joy
 Canada
Dwight Stones
 United States
1980 Moscow
details
Gerd Wessig
 East Germany
Jacek Wszoła
 Poland
Jörg Freimuth
 East Germany
1984 Los Angeles
details
Dietmar Mögenburg
 West Germany
Patrik Sjöberg
 Sweden
Zhu Jianhua
 China
1988 Seoul
details
Hennadiy Avdyeyenko
 Soviet Union
Hollis Conway
 United States
Rudolf Povarnitsyn
 Soviet Union
Patrik Sjöberg
 Sweden
1992 Barcelona
details
Javier Sotomayor
 Cuba
Patrik Sjöberg
 Sweden
Hollis Conway
 United States
Tim Forsyth
 Australia
Artur Partyka
 Poland
1996 Atlanta
details
Charles Austin
 United States
Artur Partyka
 Poland
Steve Smith
 Great Britain
2000 Sydney
details
Sergey Klyugin
 Russia
Javier Sotomayor
 Cuba
Abderahmane Hammad
 Algeria
2004 Athens
details
Stefan Holm
 Sweden
Matt Hemingway
 United States
Jaroslav Bába
 Czech Republic
2008 Beijing
details
Andrey Silnov
 Russia
Germaine Mason
 Great Britain
Yaroslav Rybakov
 Russia
2012 London
details
Erik Kynard
 United States
Mutaz Essa Barshim
 Qatar
none awarded
Derek Drouin
 Canada
Robbie Grabarz
 Great Britain
2016 Rio de Janeiro
details
Derek Drouin
 Canada
Mutaz Essa Barshim
 Qatar
Bohdan Bondarenko
 Ukraine
2020 Tokyo
details
Gianmarco Tamberi
 Italy
none awarded Maksim Nedasekau
 Belarus
Mutaz Essa Barshim
 Qatar
2024 Paris
details
Hamish Kerr
 New Zealand
Shelby McEwen
 United States
Mutaz Essa Barshim
 Qatar

Women

[edit]
Games Gold Silver Bronze
1928 Amsterdam
details
Ethel Catherwood
 Canada
Lien Gisolf
 Netherlands
Mildred Wiley
 United States
1932 Los Angeles
details
Jean Shiley
 United States
Babe Didrikson
 United States
Eva Dawes
 Canada
1936 Berlin
details
Ibolya Csák
 Hungary
Dorothy Odam
 Great Britain
Elfriede Kaun
 Germany
1948 London
details
Alice Coachman
 United States
Dorothy Tyler
 Great Britain
Micheline Ostermeyer
 France
1952 Helsinki
details
Esther Brand
 South Africa
Sheila Lerwill
 Great Britain
Aleksandra Chudina
 Soviet Union
1956 Melbourne
details
Mildred McDaniel
 United States
Thelma Hopkins
 Great Britain
none awarded
Mariya Pisareva
 Soviet Union
1960 Rome
details
Iolanda Balaș
 Romania
Jarosława Jóźwiakowska
 Poland
none awarded
Dorothy Shirley
 Great Britain
1964 Tokyo
details
Iolanda Balaș
 Romania
Michele Brown
 Australia
Taisia Chenchik
 Soviet Union
1968 Mexico City
details
Miloslava Rezková
 Czechoslovakia
Antonina Okorokova
 Soviet Union
Valentina Kozyr
 Soviet Union
1972 Munich
details
Ulrike Meyfarth
 West Germany
Yordanka Blagoeva
 Bulgaria
Ilona Gusenbauer
 Austria
1976 Montreal
details
Rosemarie Ackermann
 East Germany
Sara Simeoni
 Italy
Yordanka Blagoeva
 Bulgaria
1980 Moscow
details
Sara Simeoni
 Italy
Urszula Kielan
 Poland
Jutta Kirst
 East Germany
1984 Los Angeles
details
Ulrike Meyfarth
 West Germany
Sara Simeoni
 Italy
Joni Huntley
 United States
1988 Seoul
details
Louise Ritter
 United States
Stefka Kostadinova
 Bulgaria
Tamara Bykova
 Soviet Union
1992 Barcelona
details
Heike Henkel
 Germany
Alina Astafei
 Romania
Ioamnet Quintero
 Cuba
1996 Atlanta
details
Stefka Kostadinova
 Bulgaria
Niki Bakoyianni
 Greece
Inha Babakova
 Ukraine
2000 Sydney
details
Yelena Yelesina
 Russia
Hestrie Cloete
 South Africa
Kajsa Bergqvist
 Sweden
Oana Pantelimon
 Romania
2004 Athens
details
Yelena Slesarenko
 Russia
Hestrie Cloete
 South Africa
Vita Styopina
 Ukraine
2008 Beijing
details
Tia Hellebaut
 Belgium
Blanka Vlašić
 Croatia
Chaunté Howard
 United States
2012 London
details
Anna Chicherova
 Russia
Brigetta Barrett
 United States
Ruth Beitia
 Spain
2016 Rio de Janeiro
details
Ruth Beitia
 Spain
Mirela Demireva
 Bulgaria
Blanka Vlašić
 Croatia
2020 Tokyo
details
Mariya Lasitskene
 ROC
Nicola McDermott
 Australia
Yaroslava Mahuchikh
 Ukraine
2024 Paris
details
Yaroslava Mahuchikh
 Ukraine
Nicola Olyslagers
 Australia
Iryna Herashchenko
 Ukraine
Eleanor Patterson
 Australia

World Championships medalists

[edit]

Men

[edit]
Championships Gold Silver Bronze
1983 Helsinki
details
 Hennadiy Avdyeyenko (URS)  Tyke Peacock (USA)  Zhu Jianhua (CHN)
1987 Rome
details
 Patrik Sjöberg (SWE)  Hennadiy Avdyeyenko (URS)
 Igor Paklin (URS)
none awarded
1991 Tokyo
details
 Charles Austin (USA)  Javier Sotomayor (CUB)  Hollis Conway (USA)
1993 Stuttgart
details
 Javier Sotomayor (CUB)  Artur Partyka (POL)  Steve Smith (GBR)
1995 Gothenburg
details
 Troy Kemp (BAH)  Javier Sotomayor (CUB)  Artur Partyka (POL)
1997 Athens
details
 Javier Sotomayor (CUB)  Artur Partyka (POL)  Tim Forsyth (AUS)
1999 Seville
details
 Vyacheslav Voronin (RUS)  Mark Boswell (CAN)  Martin Buß (GER)
2001 Edmonton
details
 Martin Buß (GER)  Yaroslav Rybakov (RUS)
 Vyacheslav Voronin (RUS)
none awarded
2003 Saint-Denis
details
 Jacques Freitag (RSA)  Stefan Holm (SWE)  Mark Boswell (CAN)
2005 Helsinki
details
 Yuriy Krymarenko (UKR)  Víctor Moya (CUB)
 Yaroslav Rybakov (RUS)
none awarded
2007 Osaka
details
 Donald Thomas (BAH)  Yaroslav Rybakov (RUS)  Kyriakos Ioannou (CYP)
2009 Berlin
details
 Yaroslav Rybakov (RUS)  Kyriakos Ioannou (CYP)  Sylwester Bednarek (POL)
 Raúl Spank (GER)
2011 Daegu
details
 Jesse Williams (USA)  Aleksey Dmitrik (RUS)  Trevor Barry (BAH)
2013 Moscow
details
 Bohdan Bondarenko (UKR)  Mutaz Essa Barshim (QAT)  Derek Drouin (CAN)
2015 Beijing
details
 Derek Drouin (CAN)  Bohdan Bondarenko (UKR)
 Zhang Guowei (CHN)
none awarded
2017 London
details
 Mutaz Essa Barshim (QAT)  Danil Lysenko (ANA)  Majd Eddin Ghazal (SYR)
2019 Doha
details
 Mutaz Essa Barshim (QAT)  Mikhail Akimenko (ANA)  Ilya Ivanyuk (ANA)
2022 Eugene
details
 Mutaz Essa Barshim (QAT)  Woo Sang-hyeok (KOR)  Andriy Protsenko (UKR)
2023 Budapest
details
 Gianmarco Tamberi (ITA)  JuVaughn Harrison (USA)  Mutaz Essa Barshim (QAT)

Medal table

[edit]
RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 Qatar (QAT)3115
2 Russia (RUS)2507
3 Cuba (CUB)2305
4 United States (USA)2215
5 Ukraine (UKR)2114
6 Bahamas (BAH)2013
7 Soviet Union (URS)1203
8 Canada (CAN)1124
9 Sweden (SWE)1102
10 Germany (GER)1023
11 Italy (ITA)1001
 South Africa (RSA)1001
13 Poland (POL)0224
 Authorised Neutral Athletes (ANA)0213
14 China (CHN)0112
 Cyprus (CYP)0112
16 South Korea (KOR)0101
17 Australia (AUS)0011
 Great Britain (GBR)0011
 Syria (SYR)0011
Totals (19 entries)19231658

Women

[edit]
Championships Gold Silver Bronze
1983 Helsinki
details
 Tamara Bykova (URS)  Ulrike Meyfarth (FRG)  Louise Ritter (USA)
1987 Rome
details
 Stefka Kostadinova (BUL)  Tamara Bykova (URS)  Susanne Beyer (GDR)
1991 Tokyo
details
 Heike Henkel (GER)  Yelena Yelesina (URS)  Inha Babakova (URS)
1993 Stuttgart
details
 Ioamnet Quintero (CUB)  Silvia Costa (CUB)  Sigrid Kirchmann (AUT)
1995 Gothenburg
details
 Stefka Kostadinova (BUL)  Alina Astafei (GER)  Inha Babakova (UKR)
1997 Athens
details
 Hanne Haugland (NOR)  Inha Babakova (UKR)
 Olga Kaliturina (RUS)
none awarded
1999 Seville
details
 Inha Babakova (UKR)  Yelena Yelesina (RUS)  Svetlana Lapina (RUS)
2001 Edmonton
details
 Hestrie Cloete (RSA)  Inha Babakova (UKR)  Kajsa Bergqvist (SWE)
2003 Saint-Denis
details
 Hestrie Cloete (RSA)  Marina Kuptsova (RUS)  Kajsa Bergqvist (SWE)
2005 Helsinki
details
 Kajsa Bergqvist (SWE)  Chaunté Howard (USA)  Emma Green (SWE)
2007 Osaka
details
 Blanka Vlašić (CRO)  Anna Chicherova (RUS)
 Antonietta Di Martino (ITA)
none awarded
2009 Berlin
details
 Blanka Vlašić (CRO)  Ariane Friedrich (GER)  Antonietta Di Martino (ITA)
2011 Daegu
details
 Anna Chicherova (RUS)  Blanka Vlašić (CRO)  Antonietta Di Martino (ITA)
2013 Moscow
details
 Brigetta Barrett (USA)  Anna Chicherova (RUS)
 Ruth Beitia (ESP)
none awarded
2015 Beijing
details
 Mariya Kuchina (RUS)  Blanka Vlašić (CRO)  Anna Chicherova (RUS)
2017 London
details
 Mariya Lasitskene (ANA)  Yuliya Levchenko (UKR)  Kamila Lićwinko (POL)
2019 Doha
details
 Mariya Lasitskene (ANA)  Yaroslava Mahuchikh (UKR)  Vashti Cunningham (USA)
2022 Eugene
details
 Eleanor Patterson (AUS)  Yaroslava Mahuchikh (UKR)  Elena Vallortigara (ITA)
2023 Budapest
details
 Yaroslava Mahuchikh (UKR)  Eleanor Patterson (AUS)  Nicola Olyslagers (AUS)

World Indoor Championships medalists

[edit]

Men

[edit]
Games Gold Silver Bronze
1985 Paris[A]
details
 Patrik Sjöberg (SWE)  Javier Sotomayor (CUB)  Othmane Belfaa (ALG)
1987 Indianapolis
details
 Igor Paklin (URS)  Hennadiy Avdyeyenko (URS)  Ján Zvara (TCH)
1989 Budapest
details
 Javier Sotomayor (CUB)  Dietmar Mögenburg (FRG)  Patrik Sjöberg (SWE)
1991 Seville
details
 Hollis Conway (USA)  Artur Partyka (POL)  Javier Sotomayor (CUB)
 Aleksey Yemelin (URS)
1993 Toronto
details
 Javier Sotomayor (CUB)  Patrik Sjöberg (SWE)  Steve Smith (GBR)
1995 Barcelona
details
 Javier Sotomayor (CUB)  Labros Papakostas (GRE)  Tony Barton (USA)
1997 Paris
details
 Charles Austin (USA)  Labros Papakostas (GRE)  Dragutin Topić (FRY)
1999 Maebashi
details
 Javier Sotomayor (CUB)  Vyacheslav Voronin (RUS)  Charles Austin (USA)
2001 Lisbon
details
 Stefan Holm (SWE)  Andriy Sokolovskyy (UKR)  Staffan Strand (SWE)
2003 Birmingham
details
 Stefan Holm (SWE)  Yaroslav Rybakov (RUS)  Henadz Maroz (BLR)
2004 Budapest
details
 Stefan Holm (SWE)  Yaroslav Rybakov (RUS)  Ștefan Vasilache (ROU)
 Germaine Mason (JAM)
 Jaroslav Bába (CZE)
2006 Moscow
details
 Yaroslav Rybakov (RUS)  Andrey Tereshin (RUS)  Linus Thörnblad (SWE)
2008 Valencia
details
 Stefan Holm (SWE)  Yaroslav Rybakov (RUS)  Kyriakos Ioannou (CYP)
 Andra Manson (USA)
2010 Doha
details
 Ivan Ukhov (RUS)  Yaroslav Rybakov (RUS)  Dusty Jonas (USA)
2012 Istanbul
details
 Dimitrios Chondrokoukis (GRE)  Andrey Silnov (RUS)  Ivan Ukhov (RUS)
2014 Sopot
details
 Mutaz Essa Barshim (QAT)  Ivan Ukhov (RUS)  Andriy Protsenko (UKR)
2016 Portland
details
 Gianmarco Tamberi (ITA)  Robert Grabarz (GBR)  Erik Kynard (USA)
2018 Birmingham
details
 Danil Lysenko (ANA)  Mutaz Essa Barshim (QAT)  Mateusz Przybylko (GER)
2022 Belgrade
details
 Woo Sang-hyeok (KOR)  Loïc Gasch (SUI)  Gianmarco Tamberi (ITA)
 Hamish Kerr (NZL)
2024 Glasgow
details
 Hamish Kerr (NZL)  Shelby McEwen (USA)  Woo Sang-hyeok (KOR)

Women

[edit]
Games Gold Silver Bronze
1985 Paris[A]
details
 Stefka Kostadinova (BUL)  Susanne Lorentzon (SWE)  Debbie Brill (CAN)
 Danuta Bułkowska (POL)
 Silvia Costa (CUB)
1987 Indianapolis
details
 Stefka Kostadinova (BUL)  Susanne Beyer (GDR)  Emilia Dragieva (BUL)
1989 Budapest
details
 Stefka Kostadinova (BUL)  Tamara Bykova (URS)  Heike Redetzky (FRG)
1991 Seville
details
 Heike Henkel (GER)  Tamara Bykova (URS)  Heike Balck (GER)
1993 Toronto
details
 Stefka Kostadinova (BUL)  Heike Henkel (GER)  Inha Babakova (UKR)
1995 Barcelona
details
 Alina Astafei (GER)  Britta Bilač (SLO)  Heike Henkel (GER)
1997 Paris
details
 Stefka Kostadinova (BUL)  Inha Babakova (UKR)  Hanne Haugland (NOR)
1999 Maebashi
details
 Khristina Kalcheva (BUL)  Zuzana Hlavoňová (CZE)  Tisha Waller (USA)
2001 Lisbon
details
 Kajsa Bergqvist (SWE)  Inha Babakova (UKR)  Venelina Veneva (BUL)
2003 Birmingham
details
 Kajsa Bergqvist (SWE)  Yelena Yelesina (RUS)  Anna Chicherova (RUS)
2004 Budapest
details
 Yelena Slesarenko (RUS)  Anna Chicherova (RUS)  Blanka Vlašić (CRO)
2006 Moscow
details
 Yelena Slesarenko (RUS)  Blanka Vlašić (CRO)  Ruth Beitia (ESP)
2008 Valencia
details
 Blanka Vlašić (CRO)  Yelena Slesarenko (RUS)  Vita Palamar (UKR)
2010 Doha
details
 Blanka Vlašić (CRO)  Ruth Beitia (ESP)  Chaunté Lowe (USA)
2012 Istanbul
details
 Chaunté Lowe (USA)  Antonietta Di Martino (ITA)
 Anna Chicherova (RUS)
 Ebba Jungmark (SWE)
none awarded
2014 Sopot
details
 Mariya Kuchina (RUS)
 Kamila Lićwinko (POL)
none awarded  Ruth Beitia (ESP)
2016 Portland
details
 Vashti Cunningham (USA)  Ruth Beitia (ESP)  Kamila Lićwinko (POL)
2018 Birmingham
details
 Mariya Lasitskene (ANA)  Vashti Cunningham (USA)  Alessia Trost (ITA)
2022 Belgrade
details
 Yaroslava Mahuchikh (UKR)  Eleanor Patterson (AUS)  Nadezhda Dubovitskaya (KAZ)
2024 Glasgow
details
 Nicola Olyslagers (AUS)  Yaroslava Mahuchikh (UKR)  Lia Apostolovski (SLO)
  • A Known as the World Indoor Games.

Athletes with most medals

[edit]

Athletes who have won multiple titles at the two most important competitions, the Olympic Games and the World Championships:

  • 4 wins: Mariya Lasitskene (RUS) - Olympic Champion in 2020, World Champion in 2015, 2017 & 2019
  • 4 wins: Mutaz Essa Barshim (QAT) - Olympic Champion in 2020, World Champion in 2017, 2019 & 2022
  • 3 wins: Javier Sotomayor (CUB) - Olympic Champion in 1992, World Champion in 1993 & 1997
  • 3 wins: Stefka Kostadinova (BUL) - Olympic Champion in 1996, World Champion in 1987 & 1995
  • 2 wins: Gennadiy Avdeyenko (URS) - Olympic Champion in 1988, World Champion in 1983
  • 2 wins: Charles Austin (USA) - Olympic Champion in 1996, World Champion in 1991
  • 2 wins: Iolanda Balaș (ROU) - Olympic Champion in 1960 & 1964
  • 2 wins: Ulrike Meyfarth (FRG) - Olympic Champion in 1972 & 1984
  • 2 wins: Heike Henkel (GER) - Olympic Champion in 1992, World Champion in 1991
  • 2 wins: Hestrie Cloete (RSA) - World Champion in 2001 & 2003
  • 2 wins: Blanka Vlašić (CRO) - World Champion in 2007 & 2009
  • 2 wins: Anna Chicherova (RUS) - Olympic Champion in 2012, World Champion in 2011
  • 2 wins: Gianmarco Tamberi (ITA) - Olympic Champion in 2020, World Champion in 2023
  • 2 wins: Yaroslava Mahuchikh (UKR) - Olympic Champion in 2024, World Champion in 2023

Kostadinova, Sotomayor and Mahuchikh are the only high jumpers to have been Olympic Champion, World Champion and broken the world record.

Season's bests

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Sources

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Competition Rules 2010-2011; In Force as from 1st November 2009" (PDF). International Association of Athletics Federations. p. 168; Rule 181 §§ 8, 9 [note marginal change lines]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-11.; Locteau, Sebastien (4 December 2009). "IAAF Technical Rule Changes 2009/2010". RunIreland.com. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  2. ^ "C2.1: Technical Rulesv (In force from 1 November 2019 and amended on 31 January 2020*)". Book of Rules. World Athletics. pp. 59–65.
  3. ^ Admin, Runnerstribe (2022-08-19). "If The 'Flop' Had Flopped Would We Be Seeing The Brill Bend? - A Column by Len Johnson". Runner's Tribe. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
  4. ^ CoachR. "The HIGH JUMP". www.coachr.org. Archived from the original on 2017-03-30. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
  5. ^ "The High Jump Approach - Training Article". Archived from the original on November 23, 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2009.
  6. ^ "High Jump Technique and Training". Archived from the original on November 23, 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2009.
  7. ^ Rosenbaum, Mike (27 October 2017). "Illustrated High Jump Technique". Liveabout.com. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
  8. ^ High Jump - men - senior - outdoor. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.
  9. ^ High Jump - women - senior - outdoor. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.
  10. ^ High Jump - men - senior - indoor. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.
  11. ^ High Jump - women - senior - indoor. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.
  12. ^ a b "Justin Gatlin rolls back the years as tyro Barshim basks". zeenews.india.com. 6 September 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
  13. ^ a b "High Jump Results". IAAF. 14 June 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
  14. ^ a b "High Jump Results". Diamond League - Lausanne. 3 July 2014. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
  15. ^ "High Jump Results" (PDF). sportresult.com. 15 July 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 August 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  16. ^ "FLASH: Mahuchikh breaks world high jump record with 2.10m in Paris | REPORTS | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2024-07-07.
  17. ^ a b "High Jump Results" (PDF). sportresult.com. 6 July 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
  18. ^ Bob Ramsak (20 June 2019). "Miller-Uibo breaks 300m world best, Lasitskene tops 2.06m and Kirt joins 90-metre club in Ostrava". IAAF. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
  19. ^ "High Jump Result" (PDF). sportresult.com. 8 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.[permanent dead link]
  20. ^ Jon Mulkeen (2 September 2022). "Krop, Mahuchikh and Winger bounce back in Brussels with world-leading marks". World Athletics. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  21. ^ "High Jump Results" (PDF). sportresult.com. 17 September 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  22. ^ "Athletics 'Battle Of The Sexes' Brought Lyssenko To Victory Over Lasitskene: 'I Didn't Wait'". easternherald.com. 30 January 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
[edit]