Adonara

Not to be confused with Andorra.

Adonara

Adonara, viewed from the Space Shuttle, 1983. The eruption plume from stratovolcano Ili Boleng is visible.
Geography
Location	Lesser Sunda Islands
Archipelago	Solor Archipelago
Area	529.75 km2 (204.54 sq mi)
Highest elevation	1,659 m (5443 ft)
Administration
Indonesia
Province	East Nusa Tenggara
Demographics
Population	132,345 (mid 2021 estimate)
Pop. density	249.8/km2 (647/sq mi)
Ethnic groups	Lamaholot

Adonara is an island in the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia, located east of the larger island of Flores in the Solor Archipelago. To the east lies Lembata, formerly known as Lomblen. Adonara is the highest of the islands of the archipelago, reaching an altitude of 1,659 metres, and it has an area of 529.75 km². It is situated administratively in the East Flores Regency of East Nusa Tenggara province.

Administration

The island is divided into eight districts (kecamatan), tabulated below with their areas (in km²) and their populations at the 2010 Census and 2020 census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2022.

Kode Wilayah	Name	Area in km2	Population Census 2010	Population Census 2020	Population Estimate mid 2022	Admin centre	No. of villages	Post codes
53.06.08	Adonara Barat (West Adonara)	55.97	11,743	13,529	14,454	Waiwadan	18	86263
53.06.09	Wotan Ulu Mado	75.81	7,871	9,968	10,629	Baniona	12	86260
53.06.18	Adonara Tengah (Central Adonara)	57.99	10,686	13,312	14,172	Lewobele	13	86264
53.06.10	Adonara Timur (a) (East Adonara)	108.94	26,161	30,299	31,427	Waiwerang	21 (b)	86261
53.06.13	Ile Boleng	51.39	13,948	17,416	18,186	Senadan	21	86253
63.06.12	Witihama	77.97	14,140	17,460	18,208	Oringbele	16	86266
53.06.11	Kelubagolit	45.12	10,210	12,650	13,199	Pepak Kelu	12	86265
53.06.17	Adonara (c)	46.45	9,745	11,835	11,984	Sagu	8	86262
	Totals on Adonara Island	519.64	104,504	126,469	132,259		121

Note: (a) Adonara Timur District, notwithstanding its name, actually occupies the south-central part of Adonara Island, with Wotan Ulu Mado District to the southwest and Ile Boleng District to the southeast.
(b) including the two kelurahan of Lamatewelu and Waiwerang Kota.
(c) Adonara District covers only the north-central part of Adonara Island ("Adonara Utara"), with Kelubagolit and Witihama Districts to the east and Adonara Barat and Adonara Tengah Districts to the west.

History

Local history on Adonara is documented from the sixteenth century, when Portuguese traders and missionaries established a post on the nearby island of Solor. By that time Adonara and the surrounding islands were ritually divided between a population of coastal dwellers known as Paji, and a population mainly settling the mountainous inland called Demon. The Paji were susceptible to Islam, while the Demon tended to fall under Portuguese influence. The Paji areas on Adonara contained three principalities, namely Adonara proper (centered on the north coast of the island), and Terong and Lamahala (on the south coast). Together with two principalities on Solor (Lohayong and Lamakera), they constituted a league called Watan Lema ("the five shores"). The Watan Lema allied with the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1613, confirmed in 1646. The Adonara principalities had frequent feuds with the Portuguese in Larantuka on Flores, and were not always obedient to the Dutch authorities. In the course of the nineteenth century, the ruler of Adonara (proper) in the north strengthened his position in the Solor Archipelago; by then, he was also the overlord of parts of eastern Flores and Lembata. The Demon areas stood under the suzerainty of the principality of Larantuka, which in turn was under Portuguese rule until 1859, when it was ceded to the Netherlands. The principalities of Larantuka and Adonara (proper) were abolished by the Indonesian government in 1962. Some post-independence local officials trace their roots to past rulers, called raja, of Adonara (proper). These include:

A map of Adonara made in 1911

• Foramma, c. 1650
• Boli I, c. 1671–1684
• Eke 1684–1688 (killed by mountain people)
• Gogok, c. 1702
• Wuring (brother of Eke), 1688–1719
• Boli II (son of Wuring), 1719-after 1756
• unknown rulers
• Jou, c. 1815
• Lakabella Jou (son of Jou), c. 1832
• Begu, d. July 28, 1850 (killed)
• Pela(ng) (son of Begu), 1850–1857
• Jou (brother of Pela), 1857–1868
• Kamba Begu (brother of Lakabella), 1868–1893
• Bapa Tuan (son of Kamba Begu), temporary Raja in 1893 for 6 months
• Arkiang Kamba (Arakang; brother of Bapa Tuan, b. 1866), 1893 or 1894 – abdicated December 18, 1930
• Bapa Ana (son of a sister of Kamba Begu), Regent with the title of Kapitan 1930 – December 1, 1935, condemned to life imprisonment 1935 and sent to Kupang
• Bapa Nuhur, (son of Gela, a son of Bapa Tuan, b. 1915), 1941–1947
• Bapa Kaya, (son of Bapa Ana, d. 12/1/1954), Regent 1947–1951
• Mohamad Eke (great-grandson of Raja Jo, 1929 – c. 1985), 1951–1962, first referred as Government Asst during Bapa Kaya's rule and also Kapitan of Adonara

Geography

Adonara Island is a part of the Indonesian regency of East Flores. It can be reached by airplane from Jakarta to Kupang, then by ferry to Larantuka, then by boat.

The town of Waiwerang and its neighbouring desa (villages) forms the only urban area on Adonara. There is no single administrative centre on the island, as each district has its own centre, all subservient to the regency administration at Larantuka on Flores island.

References

• P. Arndt (1938), 'Demon und Padzi, die feindlichen Brüder des Solor-Archipelags', Anthropos 33.
• Robert H. Barnes (1995), 'Lamakera, Solor: Ethnohistory of a Muslim Whaling Village of Eastern Indonesia', Anthropos 90.
• Robert H. Barnes (2004), 'The murder of Sengaji Begu: A turning point in Dutch involvement in the Solor Archipelago', Masyarakat Indonesia 30:2
• Benno M. Biermann (1924), 'Die alte Dominikanermission auf den Solorinseln', Zeitschrift für Missionswissenschaft 14.
• Arend de Roever (2002), De jacht op sandelhout: De VOC en de tweedeling van Timor in de zeventiende eeuw. Zutphen: Walburg Pers.